Muhammad Bin Qasim History

Muhammad Qasim is considered one of the greatest generals not only in Islamic history but also in the history of the world. Hardly anyone has done such a great job at such a young age. His conquests further expanded Islamic borders. After the conquest of Multan, He was planning to conquer India when he was ordered to return.

On his return, he was imprisoned and later martyred in prison. It was not easy to manage such a vast kingdom. Therefore, after the return of Qasim, the conquered territories were reduced to Sindh and South Punjab. The personal obstinacy of the Umayyad Caliph Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik killed a conqueror and great general Qasim.

The Islamic world lost a great general and conquests. Today, thirteen hundred years later, people still remember him as the savior and benefactor of Sindh.

Qasim Date of Birth

He opened his eyes in c—694 in Taif.

Education of Qasim

His initial training took place in Basra. He was expected to be a capable and brilliant man in the future. Unable to pursue higher education due to poverty, he enlisted in the army after completing his primary education. He trained in the art of martial arts in Damascus.

His skills and abilities led him to achieve the highest position in the military and achieved an esteemed status.

Muhammad Bin Qasim Family

He belonged to an Abu Aqil family who achieved prestige with the emergence of Al-Hajaj ibn Yousaf, the paternal 1^st cousin of Qasim’s father Al-Qasim ibn Mohammad ibn al-Hakam. His father, Qasim, was one of the prominent members of the family.

During the caliphate of the Umayyad Caliph Abdul Malik ibn Marwan, when Hajjaj ibn Yusuf was appointed governor of Iraq, he appointed prominent members of the Saqafi dynasty to various positions. Among them was Muhammad’s father, Qasim, who held the governorship of Basra.

Thus, his early training was completed in Basra, and he was only 5 years old when his father died.

Career

When he was fifteen, he was given command of the army in 708 to finish the Kurdish uprising in Iran. It was the era of Waleed bin Abdul Malik, the Umayyads’ ruler and governorship of Irqa was in the hands of Hajjaj Bin Yousaf. Qasim succeeded in that campaign and made Shiraz a small cantonment.

Meanwhile, he was made the governor of Shiraz, the capital of Persia. By ruling with his skills, he marked his ability and intelligence, and when he was seventeen, he was sent as the general of Sindh. His series of conquests began in 711 and continued until 713.

He conquered important areas of Sindh and completed the conquests of Sindh by conquering Multan, but the desire to advance towards North India was not fulfilled by the circumstances.

Services in Fars

His 1^st assignment was in Fars, and he was asked to defeat a faction of Kurds. After successfully completing his mission, he was designated as Fars’s Governor. He succeeded Muhammad ibn Yousaf, the brother of al-Hajjaj, who previously served as governor.

Qasim revived the city of Shiraz. He constructed a military camp and royal villa in this city. The link between Islam and Hindu Sind was formed by Muslim missions during al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah. Al-Hakim, who attacked Mecran in 649 A.D., was a partisan of Abu Talib.

During Ali’s caliphate, many Jutts of Sindh came under the influence of religion Islam, with some even died for battling for Ali.

Sindh Before the Advent of Qasim

Thirteen hundred years ago, the area to which Sindh was applied was very long and wide. The country which was called Sindh during the reign of Raja Dahar before Islam, stretched from Makran in the west to the Arabian Sea and Gujarat in the south, the middle of present-day Malwa and Rajputana in the east, and from Multan in the north to the interior of southern Punjab, which Arab historians called Sindh.

This country is so ancient that it is not possible to say how long it has existed and what changes have taken place in its name. History alone shows that when Arya came to this country thousands of years ago, they named it ‘Sindhu’ because they used to call the river ‘Sindhu’ in their language.

At first, they used to call this country Sindhu, but gradually they started calling it Sindh. This name became so popular that even after thousands of years, its name is Sindh. It is said that in the beginning, all the lands conquered by the Aryans in Sindh were named after Sindh.

Rulers in Sindh

The kings who ruled in Sindh before Islam were called Rai. Before the migration of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), there was a Rai government here, and the government lasted for one hundred and thirty-seven years. There have been five kings of this government who were devout Buddhists,

Their names are:

1. Roy Devonch
2. Rai Sihars
3. Rai Sah C.
4. Rai Sehras Sani
5. Rai Sah C Sani

Attack on Caravan

The ruler of Sarandeep sent some valuable presents to Hajjaj ibn Yusuf from the island Yaqoot. Some Muslim women in the caravan boarded boats to visit the Bait Ullah. Then when the caravan reached the region of Qazrun, the winds from the opposite direction brought the boats to the shores of Debal.

Where the Nika Mara gang raided eight ships, looted property, and arrested Muslim women. The people of Sarandeep explained to them that these gifts are for the king, so you should return the goods immediately. One of the abductees escaped and reached the Hajjaj and told the Hajjaj that Muslim women were imprisoned by Raja Dahar, who was calling you for help.

Letter by Raja Dahar

In those days, the Muslims had opened the fronts of Andalusia, Spain, and Turkestan under the leadership of Musa ibn Nasir and Qutaybah ibn Muslim respectively, and there was no capacity to open a third major front. Raja Dahar wrote to the ruler of Sindh and demanded the return of the prisoners.

Muhammad Bin Qasim Popularity

Qasim’s army and managerial achievement is a remarkable milestone in the history of Indian and Pakistani Muslims. He was a skilled administrator, competent ruler, and political figure. He didn’t ruin Sindh’s system after his victory and handed over internal matters to the local people.

The Brahmins created a very pleasant atmosphere by gaining entry into the administration of the country. He also left the right to make rules of wealth etc., to these people. Not only were they happy with this, but also, they went from place to place and preached this amnesty and benevolence, which made the atmosphere even more pleasant and compelled many to obey.

The behavior of Qasim with Hindus

Qasim’s behavior with Brahmins and temples is also acknowledged by contemporary Hindu historians that he did not demolish Hindu temples.  After the assassination of Raja Dahar, when the people of India became Muslims, he declared the next day that whoever wanted to convert to Islam or stick to his ancestral religion, there would be no aggression from us.

Donation for Temples

After the conquest of Brahman Abad, the temple priest went to Qasim and said that the Hindus had reduced the number of people coming to the temples for idol worship out of fear of the Muslim soldiers, which had made a difference in our income.

The temples are not even repaired; you fix them and force the Hindus to come and worship in the temples. On hearing this, he sent a letter to the caliph asking him to worship freely in his temples. Three percent of the government expenditure was deposited in a separate treasury for the Brahmins stake.

So they can take this money from the treasury at any time for the repair of their temples and for the necessary equipment. Then he gave the title of Rana to the greatest Pandit and appointed him as the superintendent and officer of religious affairs.

Qasim as a Great Conqueror

He laid the foundations for a permanent empire in India and built Muslim settlements and mosques. He made the people aware of their rights for the first time. Muhammad Bin Qasim became the protector of their lives, property, and honor.

Qasim performed this great feat of the conquest of Sindh in this part of his life which is the time for people to play sports. No other nation in the world can offer such an example of such a young and capable general.

Rapid Spread of Islam

After Qasim, no other ruler was appointed for Sindh. As a result, the advance of the Muslims stopped. However, Islam was introduced in India through Sindh. The people of Sindh converted to Islam in large numbers. Nearly three hundred years after Qasim’s conquest of Sindh and Iraq, they established Arab-Indian relations on scientific and cultural grounds.

The scholarly and cultural relationship of the people of Sindh was not allowed to be severed. The conquest of Sindh was the beginning of a democratic and enlightened era in political, cultural, and scientific terms.

Objections

There are basically five types of people who object to Qasim:

Pro-Western Liberal Secular Class

The problem of this class is not Muhammad ibn Qasim but the personality of Muhammad ibn Abdullah. Their main problem is Islam, which is the biggest obstacle in the way of global domination of their western masters. Therefore, lying, distorting history, distorting historical facts, everything is permissible, if desired, if it serves their nefarious purposes.

This class constantly presents false, fabricated stories and Western propaganda as history. On the one hand, this class claims to be the greatest religion of humanity; on the other hand, it promotes nationalism and hollows out the foundations of Islam and Pakistan.

They believe that if the spirit of Muhammad is removed from the body of Pakistan. Then the partition of Pakistan will be easier, and the world’s only Muslim nuclear power will be eliminated, and thus the nefarious intentions of their Western masters will be fulfilled.

Nationalist, racist, linguistic organizations and groups

Their problem is also basically Islam because Islam is the bearer of universal brotherhood; Islam is against all kinds of caste, color, race, and class division. They portray Qasim as the usurper and Dahir as the grandson of Sindh, but the building of their self-made history stands on a much weaker foundation.

Dahir Rule was one of the worst periods of violation of human rights and religious freedom in Sindh, and during this period, the original inhabitants of Sindh, their religion and culture were severely crushed, which is why the people of Sindh joined Qasim in overthrowing Dahir Raj, voluntarily converted to Islam in droves, and on his return made his idols and worshiped them.

Sectarian organizations and groups

This is the only group in religious garb that opposes Qasim, not because of him, but because of the differences in the early periods of Islamic history. The main argument of this group is that Abdul Malik and his nominee for governor of Iraq, Hajjaj ibn Yusuf were tyranted and oppressive ruler whose hands are stained with the blood of Shia Ali, since also belonged to the same Umayyad period so, his good is also bad.

This class has not only promoted the false propaganda of the pro-Western, liberal secular, and nationalist classes but has also laid the groundwork for a new divide among Muslims by giving it a sectarian color. One of the lies that this class has so frequently spread is that Islam in Sindh had not only come much earlier than Qasim but had also spread widely through Sadat and Sufis.

And secondly, the real purpose of Qasim’s visit to Sindh was to eradicate Sadat like Abdullah Shah Ghazi, who had made his roots in the people of Sindh.

Followers of Hinduism

Dahir’s father, Chach, overthrew Buddhism Raj in Sindh and established the Brahmanical rule, but this rule of tyranny lasted only a few years, and Qasim became the savior for the oppressed classes of Sindh. This once again promoted religious tolerance in Sindh and established a system of justice.

It inspired a large number of Sindhi Buddhists and lower-caste Hindus to become Muslims, thus ending the Brahmanical rule and Hindu domination in Sindh so it is understandable that the followers of Hinduism, especially the Brahmins, call Qasim a usurper and a looter.

People ignorant of history

This class is actually the victim of the propaganda of the first four classes; these are the Muslims and Pakistanis, who are neither familiar with Islam and Islamic history nor with the Tehreek-e-Pakistan.

Muhammad Bin Qasim Death

According to Muhammad ibn Ali Abdul Hasan Hamdani, when Rai Dahir was killed, Qasim imprisoned his daughters in his palace and then sent them to his ruler Sulayman ibn Abdul Malik at the hands of his Abyssinian slaves.

When the caliph called them to his haram, the daughters of Raja Dahir lied to the caliph that they were not worthy of the caliph because Qasim had already used them. He became very angry and ordered to bring Qasim in a bull’s skin.

His order was obeyed, but Qasim died on the way due to suffocation in the skin of an ox. Later, the caliph found out about the lies of Raja Dahar’s daughters.

She was also the founder of a Muslim women federation under the name of AIMWS (All – India Muslim Women Students Federation) as well as the Women’s Relief Committee. She had also been a member of the parliament of Pakistan in 1960 and remained as an opposition party to Ayub Khan in 1965.

After a long – duration of illness, she died on 9^th July 1967. The article has all the information about her, including Fatima Jinnah Biography.

Fatima Jinnah Biography

Fatima Jinnah was the youngest of Poonja Jinnah’s children who born in 1893 in Gujrat. She was about 8 years old when her father died in 1901. She had always been close to her brother Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Her siblings included Ahmad Ali, Rahat Ali, Mohammad Ali, Bunde Ali, Shereen, and Maryam.

Fatima Jinnah used to live with her brother Mohammad Ali Jinnah till he married Rattanbai Petit in 1918. After the death of Jinnah’s wife, she stopped attending her clinic and went to her brother in order to take care of her niece, Dina Jinnah, and remained there till the death of Mohammad Ali in 1948.

Fatima Date of Birth

She was born on July 31^st, 1893.

Education of Fatima

In 1902, she started her early education at Bandra Convent of Mumbai and graduated from Dr. Ahmad Dental College at the University of Calcutta. In 1923 she opened her own clinic as the first Muslim woman who started dental surgeries after her graduation.

Fatima Jinnah Religion

She belonged to a Shia – Muslim family and was a follower of Islam.

Political Life

Fatima Jinnah remained and accompanied Quaid –e- Azam till the partition of the Subcontinent in 1947 and formed Women Relief Committee, which became the later APWA (All Pakistan Women Association). Furthermore, her struggles for the settlement of Mahajirs in the newly independent Pakistan are memorable.

In 1960, she stated that Ayub Khan is a dictator and came in front as a candidate for the presidency as a member of COPP (Combined Opposition Party of Pakistan). She didn’t join any political party till the time when Ayub Khan imposed martial law, and she was against dictatorship and favored democracy.

The political party of COPP invited Fatima Jinnah to join their party, and after lifting Martial Law by Ayub Khan, she challenged him for the general election. The party of COPP was having many leaders but no unity, due to which they appointed Fatima Jinnah as a presidential candidate for elections in 1962.

Election of 1965

After a great force from opposition parties, Ayub Khan announced a direct election which was held in 1965. There were four candidates for the presidential election, including Fatima Jinnah, Ayub Khan, and two other independent candidates. She won most of the votes for the presidency in the election, but Ayub Khan made himself elected through the manipulation, rigging, and coercion of the Electoral College by Ayub Khan.

It is also believed that she would win if the election was held through direct polling stations. Ayub Khan also claimed that women have no high-status power in Islam and cannot become the president of a Muslim country which is favored by Maulana Maududi, Jamat –i- Islami Leader who stated that women could not become the leader of a Muslim State.

Madr – e – Millat (Nation’s Mother)

Fatima Jinnah was the most enthusiastic lady who, along with the wife of Liaquat Ali Khan, worked for women’s rights and accompanied Quaid – e – Azam during the Pakistan Movement. After the death of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, she became involved in politics when Ayub Khan imposed Martial Law and declared himself as a president during the 1960s. She was against him and declared him as a dictator.

In addition to that, she was called Maadr – e – Millat by the public when she was declared as a presidential candidate. She was the one who fully supported his brother during Pakistan Movement, and people loved to call her the Mother of Nation for her efforts.

Furthermore, she was appointed as a presidential candidate during the election of 1965 and won a huge number of votes in Bengal and Western Pakistan, but Ayub Khan suppressed the officials of the Electoral College of Pakistan and became the president of Pakistan.

Fatima Jinnah Death

She died on July 9^th, 1967. The officials reported heart failure as a cause of her death, but it is still controversial as some of the statesmen stated that she was murdered by the same killing group who killed Liaquat Ali Khan. This controversy caught the light when her nephew, Akbar Pirbhai, stated in 2003 that she did not die of heart failure rather, she was murdered.

Last recites of Maddr –e- Millat was carried out under Shia – Muslim guidelines and buried at Mazar –e- Quaid, near hear brothers grave in Karachi.

Fatima Jinnah Autobiography

She had an incomplete biography of Mohammad Ali Jinnah under the name of My Brother, which was published in 1987 by Quaid – i – Azam Academy.

Legacy / Honor

She was considered to be the greatest leader produced by Pakistan. She gained her legacy and honor after founding the women’s rights association. Furthermore, she was entitled as Maadr – e – Millat due to her continuous struggles in the formation of Pakistan and opposing Ayub Khan for his dictatorship.

In order to honor her, the Government of Pakistan constructed a monument in her remembrance. Other colleges and institutions are also built under her name in order to honor her legacy, which include the following.

• Fatima Jinnah Women University
• Dental College
• Jinnah Colony
• Jinnah Park
• Medical University
• Khatoon – e – Millat Degree College

Arfa Karim Biography

• Arfa Abdul Karim Randhawa is the name that is no more with us, yet she is alive in the hearts of millions of people because of the recognitions she has achieved in a short span of her life. She had yet to accomplish a lot, but life didn’t give her a chance. She is remembered as one of the youngest Pakistani students who had been regarded by Microsoft Co-founder Bill gates.

• Arfa has made Pakistani proud on many international forums because of her intellectual power. She also succeeded in referring her name in the Guinness Book of World Record. Though after her death, various students got a chance to beat her record, yet her place is irreplaceable.

Arfa date of birth

Randhawa was born on 2nd February 1996, in Faisalabad. She is buried in the same city.

Education of Arfa

Arfa was in her first year of A-levels when she died due to Cardiac Arrest. She was studying at Lahore Grammar School.

Arfa Karim Family

Arfa belonged to an ordinary family, yet her intelligence made everyone special. She was the only sister of her 2 brothers.

Career

Initial Career

Arfa rose to fame when she became the youngest MicrosProfessional. She always remained an exceptional student, yet no one knows she would come this far. In 2004 at the age of 9, she passed the Microsoft exam and astonished everyone with her extraordinary skills. In 2005 she got an opportunity to meet Microsft co-founder Bill gates, who invited her to the US after being impressed by her abilities.

Awards

O her return from the US, Arfa’s acknowledgment was at the peak. In 2005 on the special occasion of the birth of Fatima Jinnah, she was awarded Fatima Jinnah Gold Medal for her unusual performance in her field. The award was presented to her by then Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz. Arfa also became the youngest recipient of Civil award that is usually given to those who perform exceptionally ina particular field. In 2005 Arfa also got the Pride of Performance Award.

As a Brand Ambassador

In January 2010 Arfa became the youngest Ambassador for Pakistan Telecommunication Company ‘EVO.’

Recognitions

Arfa received immense recognition on the National and International level. She was interviewed by various notable channels on her return from the US. More and more got to know her. She has attended many conferences internationally. In 2006 she was summoned in Barcelona by Microsoft. She likewise visited Dubai on the invitation of the professional of Pakistan Information Technology. Wherever she went, she receives immense respect and love from everyone.

Arfa Karim Record

Arfa managed to earn various Records in her 16 years of life journey. Her name remained at the Guinness Book of World record that is itself the biggest achievement. Bill Gates personally invited Arfa at the Microsoft Headquarters, which enhanced her worth. She was also the youngest recipient of the Pride of Performance Award. Arfa was born to break all the records of the past that no one dared to attain yet.

Future Plans

Arfa had so many plans that she wanted to attain, but unfortunately, life didn’t give her enough time. She wanted to make her country progress in the IT field. Arfa aspired to originate Silicon Valley in Pakistan that would open the doors of more opportunities for Pakistanis. In an interview, she told media that Bill gates would do the Valley’s inauguration.

Arfa Karim Death

• At the end of 2011, she suffered from an epileptic seizure, which usually occurs in the brain because of its excessive use. Later she had a cardiac arrest that made her condition worse. During her treatment in Combined Military hospital, Lahore, her parents remained in contact with bill Gates, who ensured her ideal treatment in every manner. With time, her health kept on getting inadequate, and she went on Ventilator.

• On 13th January, Arfa’s brain functions started working, and the doctor agreed on moving Arfa to another hospital. Millions of people prayed for her speedy recovery, but faith had something else for her. On 14th January, Arfa took her last breath, leaving behind her well-wishers downhearted and shocked. Her funeral was attended by former Chief Minister of Punjab Shahbaz Sharif in Faisalabad. Even today, Arfa is remembered by every person.

Arfa Karim Foundation

It is a non-profit organization situated in Lahore that came into being in July 2012, soon after her demise. The organization somehow succeeded in fulfilling Arfa’s dream of serving the community in the field of education. It works on three different vital points incorporating Education, Community Development, and Social Innovation. The foundation aims to improve the educational system of Pakistan by originating new Laws and policies.

Arfa Software Technology Park

It is one of the largest parks in the country with 17 story building. Though it started generating before Arfa’s demise but after her death, the park renamed as ‘Arfa Software Technology Park’ on special order of Shahbaz Sharif, it is situated in Lahore and likewise serving in IT field.

Social Media Handles

• https://www.arfakarimfoundation.org/

• https://www.facebook.com/arfakarimfoundation/